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Dor de cabeça


Dor de Cabeça = Cefaleia

Consideram-se: cefaleias primárias ( não são provocadas por nenhuma doença) e cefaleias secundárias ( são provocadas, ou surgem associadas, por doenças ou condições mais ou menos graves (ex: tumores cerebrais, embora menos frequentes, vulgo de AVC ou tromboses, meningites e hemorragias; abstinência de cafeína, suspensão de medicamentos analgésicos, período menstrual, sinusite...)

As cefaleias podem surgir em contexto misto, como é o caso das enxaquecas despertadas por cefaleias de tensão ou cefaleias secundárias.

Cefaleias primárias:
- Cefaleias de tensão (não possuem qualquer relação com a hipertensão arterial): constituem a causa mais comum de cefaleia; resultam da contracção/contractura e tensão sobre os músculos dos ombros, pescoço e maxilares; stress, sono insuficiente, depressão, ansiedade, consumo de álcool ou droga potenciam o aparecimento deste tipo de cefaleia. Afecta, geralmente, ambos os lados da cabeça e a dor começa, frequentemente, na região anterior. A dor caracteriza-se como uma moedeira ou aperto não muito intenso, raramente se associa a enjoo, vómitos e à dificuldade em encarar a luz (fotofobia). São cefaleias que ocorrem esporadicamente. Raramente são incapacitantes.
- Enxaquecas: são cefaleias intensas e recorrentes muitas das vezes associadas a outros sintomas como enjoo, alterações visuais, arrefecimento das mãos e pés e sensibilidade aumentada aos ruídos e à luz. Começam num lado da cabeça embora possam alastrar a ambos. A dor é descrita comummente como “martelar a cabeça”. Irritabilidade, fadiga, sonolência, vontade exagerada de ingerir alimentos doces e salgados podem ser sintomas que antecedem uma crise. Em 20% dos casos surge associada a uma “aura”, o tipo de aura mais frequente é visual (sensações de luzes a brilhar ou piscar) mas podem ocorrer alucinações auditivas e a sensação de formigueiro nos braços e pernas. Uma crise pode oscilar entre 4 a 72 horas.
- Cefaleias em cacho (tipo Cluster): cefaleias raras que afectam sobretudo homens entre os 28-30 anos embora possa ter inicio na infância. Referidas como uma dor aguda muito intensa que tende a ocorrer várias vezes ao longo do dia durante meses e depois deixa de ocorrer durante um período de tempo sobreponível.

Risco neurológico:
As cefaleias de tensão e em cacho nunca foram associadas a qualquer lesão neurológica. Isto também é, geralmente, verdade nas enxaquecas embora exista uma associação rara com o risco de vir a sofrer um acidente vascular isquémico (trombose) sobretudo nas formas mais complicadas de enxaqueca.

O que fazer em casa?
Quem sofre frequentemente de cefaleias deve ter um diário de forma a facilitar a identificação das situações ou factores que possam ser a causa ou desencadeiem os sintomas (podem ser alimentos, stress, menos horas de sono etc). A dor pode ser aliviada com descanso dos olhos e cabeça bem apoiada, no caso das cefaleias de tensão uma massagem ou calor aplicado nas costas ou pescoço pode ajudar no alívio. Alguns medicamentos de venda livre como o paracetamol, acido acetilsalicílico e o ibuprofeno podem ser úteis no tratamento da dor. No caso de enxaquecas utilizam-se também outros medicamentos analgésicos como o naproxeno. Caso os medicamentos de venda livre não sejam eficazes deve consultar o seu médico e no caso de as dores serem frequentes poderão ser prescritos alguns antidepressivos, fármacos do tipo bloqueadores beta ou bloqueadores de cálcio (utilizados comummente em situações de doenças cardíacas ou hipertensão arterial) e medicamentos para o tratamento da epilepsia.

Caso se verifiquem os seguintes sintomas e não possa contactar o seu médico imediatamente deve recorrer a um serviço de urgência ou ligar o 112:
- Se a dor de cabeça surgir subitamente e for de intensidade extrema ou violenta.
- Caso sinta que a sua dor é a pior que alguma vez teve.
- Se a dor se associar a dificuldade na fala, alterações visuais, dificuldade em realizar movimentos com braços e pernas, perda de equilíbrio, confusão ou perda de memória.
- Se a dor se agravar progressivamente num período de 24horas.
- Se a dor de cabeça for acompanhada por febre, rigidez do pescoço, náuseas e vómitos.
- Se a dor de cabeça surgir após traumatismo craniano.
- Se a dor de cabeça foi intensa e localizada sobre um olho que se apresente vermelho.
- Se tiver mais de 50 anos e a dor de cabeça for associada a perda de visão e dificuldade com a mastigação.

Consultar o seu médico logo que possível:
- Se a dor de cabeça o acordar do sono.
- Se a dor de cabeça tiver uma duração superior a alguns dias.
- Se as dores de cabeça forem piores durante a manhã.
- Se as dores de cabeça forem habituais mas ocorrem alterações no padrão e na intensidade.
- Se as dores de cabeça forem frequentes e não tiverem causa conhecida.

O que esperar da avaliação efectuada no seu médico ou hospital: baseada na recolha da sua história clínica, evolução dos sintomas e resposta aos tratamentos efectuados. Por certo será sujeito a um exame físico que inclui a avaliação do estado e funcionamento do sistema neurológico. Podem ser requisitados os seguintes exames complementares: Tomografia Axial Computorizada (TAC) cerebral; Ressonância magnética (RM) cerebral; Radiografia dos seios peri-nasais; Punção Lombar (picada com uma agulha na parte inferior da coluna de forma a obter uma amostra do líquido que envolve o cérebro e as membranas, meninges).

Prevenção:
Dormir um número adequado de horas
Alimentação saudável
Actividade física regular
Exercícios de relaxamento e alongamento muscular
Cuidado em manter uma postura adequada no local de trabalho
Abandono de hábitos tabágicos


Posted by Immuniselectrun at 07:52

Hall of fame

Louis Pasteur

Birthday date: 27th December, 1822

The truth is surprising: as young, Louis Pasteur was a lazy student. His teachers never thought he was quite clever, as ahead he would show.

He studied physics and chemistry in Paris and chemistry was even the discipline in which we got a lower grade. Despite of that, later, He became a wise teacher and was one of the bigger scientists of ever, a genius of science. Only through one huge thirst of knowledge and an inexhaustible will of work the immortality was conquered and the death was defeated.

Facing all the expectations, the success arrived much early. With twenty six years he discovered the secret of crystals and a few time later he realized that the air we breathe it’s full of very small beings, He called them the invisible giants. Perhaps Pasteur already knew that these beings, apparently armless, were responsible for much part of the diseases shown in living beings. For sure he knew that the microorganisms used to enter in our organism with the purpose of unleash diseases. It was not easy to prove such theory in a time when all scientists thought that microorganisms were fruit of our own organism and not from outside. He wouldn’t give up anyway, He even bottled air to prove it, under the laugh of his colleagues , of course they didn’t even guess that what he was doing would become indispensable to his theory: none living being, including microorganisms, can appear in the world without descend from at least other of the same specie. In the course of his experiences, Pasteur could show up that microorganisms live in the air and reproduce themselves, entering in our body when they “feel” we are weakened and is the best shot to take. This was a very important discovery but his greatest feat, vaccine, would take more time to be created.

Before it, he helped the French farmers, solving a big problem: the quick sourness of wine. He observed microscopically the wine and found some kind of very short vegetation, called yeasts. Therefore, the yeasts were spoiling the wine, making it vinegary. Pasteur understood that wasn’t possible to take out those little creatures, they had to be killed and the only possible way: heat them up. The problem lied in the fact that the wine couldn’t heat up to high temperatures because it would change its quality. Persistent, Pasteur made a lot of experiences and found the solution: it was only necessary rise the wine’s temperature about sixty degrees centigrade to kill the microorganisms. These experiences gave rise to a much known process called pasteurization.

Pasteur was, undoubtedly, a chemistry genius and started to be called to solve the riddles that more nobody could. There was even a time when he was asked to find the origin of a plague which was killing thousands of silkworms. Pasteur, after some research, figured out that the butterfly was transmitting to her own eggs the disease and hence died so many of them. It was necessary to exterminate all larvae, butterflies and eggs which weren’t healthy. He had saved the French Industry of Silk and now, he’s stories of success were told not only in France but also abroad.

Modest, simple and not vain, Pasteur used to say that he only worked to help mankind. But, the fact of two of his sons have died with typhoid fever explain the dedication to Medicine and to studies about diseases caused by microorganisms.

Carbuncle was one of the first diseases studied by Pasteur. In that time, were dying many animals, mostly sheep due this disease. He discovered the responsible microorganism and made an experience: vaccinated twenty five sheep with the germ which caused the disease and left other twenty five sheep for vaccinate. Then he infected them all with the microorganism which made they feel sick. Happened that all vaccinated sheep survived and the others died. This was the first success of vaccination. However, he refused money to patent the medicine.

He wondered if would be worthwhile try to apply the same principles in the cure of human diseases. About 1880 Pasteur started to study the rage disease (affect animals, especially dogs, and normally is transmitted to humans by a nibble). Firstly, he discovered the rage virus. Then he used its “good” part to create an antidote and transformed it into a vaccine. Later, He started to inoculate it in the dogs but he didn’t have the courage to do the same in humans, until when on 6th July, 1885, a woman knocked on his door. She was carrying a boy with nine years old that was bitten by a dog fourteen times. The mother begged him to heal her son but the scientist didn’t want to experiment the serum in the kid named Joseph Meister because so far he never had used the vaccine in humans. However, once there was no other solution, eventually the kid would die with or without the inoculation, he applied the first of twelve anti-rage vaccines. During many weeks, the scientist and boy’s family feared the worst but in the end, Joseph Meister survived. From that time, people that had been bitten by raged dogs started to go to his laboratory asking for help. They came from different places of France and even from abroad although doctors didn’t recognize the worthwhile of Pasteur, what’s unthinkable, even because before his investigations, the only medicine available against rage was a spike in hot coal to burn the dog’s bite.

The vaccines were a huge triumph to medicine. Without them it’s difficult even think in survival.

Pasteur Institute:

The success of anti-rage vaccine was so enormous that the French Academy of Sciences decided to build one Institution dedicated only to laboratorial investigation. The Pasteur Institute was established in 1888 and is nowadays one of the most known centers of scientific investigation.

Curiosity – The HIV virus was isolated for the first time in these laboratories. This Institution without profitable ends was presided by Louis Pasteur until his death (28th September, 1895) and has a team of scientists that globally has eight Nobel Prizes in Medicine.

Microscope:

Nobody knows for sure who created it. Generally, its invention is attributed to Hans Janssen, Dutch glasses manufacturer, and his son Zacarias, in the year of 1590. However, will have been the Dutch Anton van Leeuwenhoek, that lived between 1632 and 1723, who made the first microscopic observations. He was a textile trader that used to mount lends. It was precisely through curved glasses that he mounted in a rudimental microscope that he saw little creatures which were walking along the drops of rain, vinegar and saliva. He was not a scientist but woke up the interest of scientific community. The first microscope had only one lend and so it couldn´t amplify very much.